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Cryogenic refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures were developed under classified and proprietary programs for many years, and it was only after 1991 that the world realized the importance of the mixed refrigerant systems for cryogenic refrigeration. Mixed refrigerant cryogenic processes are also used in most large base load natural gas liquefaction plants. Hundreds of patents exist on different aspects of mixed refrigerant processes for liquefaction of natural gas, as well as the composition of mixtures for Joule-Thomson and other refrigerators. Still, the fundamental aspects of these processes continued to not receive the attention they deserve in open literature in the view of these commercial interests. Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes, by Dr. G. Venkatarathnam, explains all the aspects of mixed refrigerant processes using robust analytical methods based on sound thermodynamic principles, drawing upon many case studies and examples, largely unpublished, to teach: - the need for refrigerant mixtures - the different processes than can be used in refrigeration and liquefaction systems - the methods to be adopted for choosing the components of a mixture and their concentrations used for various cryogenic applications - the methods for simulating and optimizing cryogenic processes Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes will be a valuable and much needed reference for researchers and scientists whose focus includes cryogenic engineering, natural gas liquefaction, refrigeration systems, and process simulation and optimization. Dr. G. Venkatarathnam is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. “…this is a good reference both for entering the domain of mixed refrigerant processes, and to expand the knowledge of optimal applications for this technique. It is a compact book that gives practical answers on the why and how to use mixtures in cryogenics.” -Luca Bottura, CERN, Switzerland “This book is an important source of knowledge for post-graduate students, process engineers working on equipment projects for gas liquefaction industry as well as those, operating liquefaction plants, or for feasibility studies analysts, as well as for newcomers in this branch of technology. Reading of the book doesn’t require any previous specific knowledge except of basic course of thermodynamics on university level. All readers will certainly appreciate the work done by the author on optimization of all the cycles. It may save a lot of research and engineering work of those working on projects. Possibly, it can also help to achieve more optimized solutions.” -Vaclav Chrz, Chart Ferox, Czech Republic.

Chemistry. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Superconductivity, Superfluidity, Quantum Fluids. --- Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy. --- Materials Science, general. --- Chemical engineering. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Superconductivity. --- Materials. --- Chimie --- Génie chimique --- Particules (Physique nucléaire) --- Supraconductivité --- Matériaux --- Refrigerants. --- Refrigerants --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Low temperature research. --- Cryogenics --- Low temperatures --- Research --- Solid state physics. --- Superconductors. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Materials science. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Thermochemistry --- Chemistry, Technical --- Heat-transfer media --- Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Metallurgy --- Materials --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physics --- Solids --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry

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Nanocrystalline materials exhibit outstanding structural and mechanical properties. However, future progress in this emerging field is critically dependent upon the development of new methods of understanding and analyzing the underlying nanoscale and interface effects causing their unique mechanical properties. This exceptionally well- researched volume in Nanostructure Science and Technology serves both as an introduction to structural nanocrystalline materials as well as a monograph providing a systematic overview of the current state-of-the-art of fundamental and applied research in the area. The book provides a unique interdisciplinary approach by incorporating chapters from contributors from various academic disciplines including Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, and Polymer Science. Sudipta Seal integrates the most current and relevant technologies in the field to address the subject. This volume will prove to be indispensable to professionals in the in the field of nanomaterials science and nanotechnologies, from researchers and graduate students to engineers who are involved in production and processing of nanomaterials with enhanced physico-chemical properties.

Materials Science. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials Science, general. --- Biomaterials. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Solid State Physics. --- Polymers. --- Electronics. --- Materials. --- Polymères --- Electronique --- Matériaux --- Nanotechnologie --- Nanostructured materials --- Nanostructures --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Technology - General --- Materials Science --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanostructures. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Materials science. --- Solid state physics. --- Microelectronics. --- Nanoscience --- Physics --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Biomedical engineering --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Prosthesis --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Macromolecules --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Polymers  . --- Solids --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Material science --- Bioartificial materials --- Hemocompatible materials --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials)

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The beginning of the XXI-st century can be seen as the start of a revolution in nanomaterials and nanotechnology which has already an impact on everyday life; this impact will grow rapidly in the near future. The need for international but also interdisciplinary cooperation and dissemination of knowledge in the field of nanoscale science and engineering is also becoming increasingly apparent. The common efforts of researchers from different countries and fields of science can bring complementary expertise to solve the rising problems in order to take the advantages of the nanoscale approach in materials sciences. Nanostructured materials are becoming of major significance, and their investigations require a comprehensive approach. The fundamental properties of these materials are remarkably altered as the size of their constituent grains or phases decreases to the nanometer scale. These novel materials made of nanosized building blocks offer unique and entirely different electrical, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties compared to conventional micro- or millimetre-size materials owing to their distinctive size, shape, topology, surface properties, etc.

materiaalkennis --- nanotechniek --- Materials sciences --- Electrical engineering --- fysica --- Solid state physics --- Nanostructured materials --- Nanomatériaux --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B --- Materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Materials Science, general. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Materials science. --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Thin films. --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Functional properties --- NATO

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Carbonaceous materials play a fundamental role in electrochemical energy storage systems. Carbon in the structural form of graphite is widely used as the active material in lithium-ion batteries; it is abundant, and environmentally friendly. Carbon is also used to conduct and distribute charge effectively throughout composite electrodes of supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells. The electronic conductive pathways are critical to delivering and extracting current out of the device. However, many challenges and the understanding of the role of carbon and its stability and efficiency in charge storage applications still exists. This NATO-ARW volume contains a diverse collection of papers addressing the role of carbon in some key electrochemical systems, both conventional and emerging. These papers discuss the latest issues associated with development, synthesis, characterization and use of new advanced carbonaceous materials for electrochemical energy storage. Such systems include: metal-air primary and rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, cathodes and anodes of lithium-ion and lithium polymer rechargeable batteries, as well as nanocarbon materials of the future.

halfgeleiders --- Electronics and optics of solids --- engineering --- brandstofcellen --- nanotechniek --- Electrochemistry --- fysicochemie --- Electrical engineering --- elektrochemie --- transistoren --- elektrische energie --- fysica --- Solid state physics --- Ceramic materials --- Electronics --- Batteries (Ordnance) --- Fuel cells --- Matériaux céramiques --- Electroniques matériaux --- Batteries (Science militaire) --- Piles à combustible --- Congresses --- Materials --- Congrès --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B --- Materials. --- Chemistry. --- Optical materials. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Energy Storage. --- Materials Science, general. --- Electrochemistry. --- Energy Systems. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Optics --- Physical sciences --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Congresses. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Energy storage. --- Materials science. --- Energy systems. --- Electronic materials. --- Electronic materials --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Material science --- Storage of energy --- Force and energy --- Power (Mechanics) --- Flywheels --- Pulsed power systems --- New optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators

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This new edition provides an in-depth introduction to the theories and applications of the powder diffraction method for structure determination. The emphasis is placed on powder diffraction data collected using conventional x-ray sources, which remain primary tools for thousands of researchers and students in their daily experimental work. The book is divided into two parts: chapters one though fifteen give essential theoretical background, while chapters sixteen through twenty-five guide the reader through practical aspects of extracting structural information from powder data. Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials, Second Edition is suited for undergraduate and graduate students and practitioners from materials science, solid-state chemistry, physics, geology, and literally any other science or engineering background, who demand structural information at the atomic resolution using the powder diffraction method. Key features of the second edition: The book requires no prior knowledge of the subject, but is comprehensive and detailed making it useful for both the novice and experienced user of the powder diffraction method. While developed as a text to teach students, the book is also a reference for academic and industrial researchers using the powder diffraction method in their daily work. Major revisions include expanded treatment of non-crystallographic symmetry brief introductions to the total scattering analysis and non-ambient powder diffractometry basics of quantitative analysis using the Rietveld method, including determination of amorphous content addition of a difficult pseudo-symmetric indexing case expanded coverage of direct space structure solution techniques an introduction to the mechanism of constraints, restraints and rigid bodies and a new example of structure solution of a pharmaceutical compound additional problems to help in assessment of students’ progress. The book is supplemented by online content, including color figures, powder diffraction data, examples, and web links.

materiaalkennis --- Chemical structure --- fysicochemie --- Materials sciences --- Chemical and physical cristallography --- atoomstructuur --- Physicochemistry --- Solid state physics --- fysica --- kristallografie --- Powders --- X-rays --- X-ray crystallography --- Poudres --- Rayons X --- Radiocristallographie --- Optical properties --- Measurement --- Diffraction --- Propriétés optiques --- Mesure --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Crystallography. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Measurement. --- Physical chemistry. --- Materials science. --- Atomic structure  . --- Molecular structure . --- Condensed matter. --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Structure, Molecular --- Structural bioinformatics --- Structure, Atomic --- Atomic theory --- Material science --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Powders - Optical properties - Measurement --- X-rays - Diffraction - Measurement